Dalmatian toadflax
(Linaria dalmatica)
This species is Introduced in the United States
Native Range
Southeastern Europe
Appearance
Dalmatian toadflax is an erect, herbaceous perennial with one or more robust, straight stems growing 1–4 ft (0.3–1.2 m) tall from a deep taproot with lateral roots. Leaves are alternate, thick (succulent to leathery), green in color (sometimes blue-green), and often with a waxy surface. Leaves are heart-shaped at the base, clasp the stem, and are typically 1–2 in (2½–5 cm) long and nearly as wide. Flowers are bright yellow and snapdragon-like with an obvious upper and lower lip and a long spur pointing downward. Each has a fuzzy, yellowish-orange throat. Flowers occur in spiked clusters emerging from leaf axils. Each flower produces a round capsule holding 60–300 small, somewhat triangular seeds.
Impact
Because Dalmatian toadflax competes aggressively for light, water, and nutrients, it can displace native and/or more desirable plant species in natural areas.
Reference
Sing, S.E., R.A. De Clerck-Floate, C.B. Randall, S.M. Ward, and I. Toševski. 2022. Toadflaxes (Linaria spp.): History and Ecology in North America. In: R.L. Winston, Ed. Biological Control of Weeds in North America. North American Invasive Species Management Association, Milwaukee, WI. NAISMA-BCW-2022-29-TOADFLAXES-P. https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/27418.pdf
Resources
- Element Stewardship Abstract - The Nature Conservancy
- Weed of the Week - USDA Forest Service
- Weed Field Guide - USDA Forest Service
Selected Images
Maps
EDDMapS Distribution - This map is incomplete and is based only on current site and county level reports made by experts, herbaria, and literature. For more information, visit www.eddmaps.org
State Lists - This map identifies those states that have this species on their invasive species list or law.
Invasive Listing Sources
- Arizona Noxious Weeds
- California Invasive Plant Council
- California Noxious Weeds
- Colorado Noxious Weeds
- Idaho Noxious Weeds
- Jil M. Swearingen, Survey of invasive plants occurring on National Park Service lands, 2000-2007
- John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Survey of TNC Preserves, 1995.
- Minnesota Noxious Weeds
- Montana Noxious Weeds
- Native Plant Society of Oregon, 2008
- Nevada Noxious Weeds
- New Invaders of the Northeast and Northcentral
- New Mexico Noxious Weeds
- North Dakota Noxious Weeds
- Oregon Noxious Weeds
- Pacific Northwest Exotic Pest Plant Council, 1998
- Utah Noxious Weeds - Control
- Washington Noxious Weeds
- WeedUS - Database of Plants Invading Natural Areas in the United States
- Wisconsin's Invasive species rule – NR 40
- Wyoming Noxious Weeds
Taxonomic Rank
| Domain: Eukarya |
| Kingdom: Plantae |
| Phylum: Magnoliophyta |
| Class: Magnoliopsida |
| Superorder: Asteranae |
| Order: Lamiales |
| Family: Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: Linaria |
| Linaria dalmatica |
Other System Links
Plants: LIDA
Bayer: LINDA
GRIN: 102284
ITIS: 503474
NPDN Pest: PEUAIBB
NPDN Host: 36758
References
Common Name Reference: USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Scientific Name Reference: USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.